Fiber optic systems have many advantages on the basis of the communication systems technology compare to metallic media communication. These advantages include lower interference, small signal attenuation and bandwidth characteristics. In addition, relatively small cross-section of the fiber optic cable from a substantial growth in capacity in the existing lines is replaced. Properties of optical fibers can be classified as linear and nonlinear. Non-linear properties are influenced by parameters such as bit rate, channel spacing, and the level of performance. (more…)
There are literally thousands of uses for lasers. One of the largest applications is telecommunications—sending a signal throug ...
Several passive heating systems, if provided with proper ventilation, can ensure to provide cooling. Passive heating and cooling fo ...
Most discussions of energy use in paper production and papermaking are confusing because of a failure to define exactly what is mea ...
More than 48% of the raw material fiber used for paper production (chemical pulp or mechanical pulp) in the United States in 2002 w ...
Different lasers use different materials as the active medium. The medium can be either solid, liquid, or gas, and there are ad ...
The volatility in oil prices since the early 1970s is a remarkable feature of energy economics. Annual fluctuations in the oil price level, as measured by the absolute value of year-to-year price changes, averaged only 1% in the 1949–1970 period; from 1970 to date, these fluctuations increased dramatically, reaching an order of magnitude of 30% per year. Even in the relatively stable period from 1986 to 1997, oil prices were more volatile than other primary commodities. (more…)
In the post-World War II period, until the beginning of the 1970s, oil price fluctuations were very small. From 1949 to 1970, a ...
The focus of this section is on the quantitative assessment of the impact of oil price fluctuations on inflation. For that purp ...
The evolution of oil prices is typically subject to a very high degree of uncertainty, given the extremely volatile nature of c ...
Most major oil and gas firms engage in both upstream (i.e., hydrocarbon exploration and production) and downstream (i.e., hydro ...
There are many possible reasons for suspecting market failure in a product like gasoline. Throughout the world, the exploration ...
Most discussions of energy use in paper production and papermaking are confusing because of a failure to define exactly what is meant by energy. It is important to keep track of the form in which energy is used. The major inputs to a paper mill are wood, purchased energy in the form of electricity and fossil fuels, and water. Some components of the wood are used as a raw material and some as by-product fuel. What the industry generally reports is the process energy use at the mill, which is the sum of the purchased energy and the process by-product energy (part of the energy originally in the wood) that is used. (more…)
More than 48% of the raw material fiber used for paper production (chemical pulp or mechanical pulp) in the United States in 2002 w ...
Agricultural and forestry residues provide the largest proportion of biomass used for the production of biomas bioenergy. Some esti ...
To date, most discussion and research relating to the various of biomass role in mitigating CO2 emissions has been focused around i ...
Another large source of renewable carbon supplies is waste biomass. It consists of a wide range of materials and includes munic ...
In Europe, modern renewable energy sources technologies were explored thoroughly for the first time after the oil embargo/ price cr ...
Energy labeling is a policy tool that informs consumers about the energy performance of appliances and thereby encourages them to purchase appliances that provide the services they need with less energy consumption. In providing information to consumers about equipment energy consumption and operating costs that would otherwise be invisible or unavailable, energy labeling enables consumers to make more balanced and rational purchasing decisions. Energy labels can also help consumers to identify the most efficient products on the market. In effect, energy labeling attempts to provide a market ‘‘pull’’ for more energy-efficient products while simultaneously presenting information that might discourage the purchase of less efficient products. (more…)
It is important to remember that labeling and MEPS programs aim to influence the selection of products by consumers at the poin ...
Endorsement labels indicate that the products carrying the labels belong to the ‘‘most energy-efficient’’ class of products or ...
There are only a few compulsory energy efficiency programs aimed at industrial facilities. It is only recently that the EU introduc ...
As the need for energy efficiency becomes more pronounced, the drive toward efficiency in the commercial sector will be impeded by ...
As energy prices increase, industries are more and more aware that energy is an expensive commodity that has to be used effic ...
The development of the ‘‘new’’ wind and solar technologies is of great importance for the future contribution of RESs to energy supply. Although the present wind and solar technology contribution of 0.4% to total primary energy consumption per capita is still very small, the growth of these industries has been considerable in the past 6 to 8 years. Today they provide 10 times the energy of 10 years ago. Wind energy shows the most remarkable growth dynamics; its contribution is now reaching energetically relevant dimensions. (more…)
Although technology change (usually involving an improvement in energy efficiency) is not inherently a geographic process, it does ...
In Europe, modern renewable energy sources technologies were explored thoroughly for the first time after the oil embargo/ price cr ...
In 2001, there were 14,000 small wind turbines for home/domestic use in the United States. The market potential for national an ...
In 2006, total world wind generating electricity capacity was around 72,000 MW, producing some 160 terawatt-hours (TWh) per yea ...
Global energy consumption in the last half century has increased very rapidly and is expected to continue to grow over the next ...
Endorsement labels indicate that the products carrying the labels belong to the ‘‘most energy-efficient’’ class of products or meet a predetermined standard or eligibility criteria. These labels generally consist of a logo or mark that indicates the products have met the standard and generally contains little or no comparative energy efficiency information (although this may be available through lists of endorsed products). These labels merely inform consumers that the products meet the required standard. Criteria for some schemes are updated on a regular basis; therefore, these labels may carry the year of qualification. Endorsement labeling programs are mostly of a voluntary nature. (more…)
Energy labeling is a policy tool that informs consumers about the energy performance of appliances and thereby encourages them ...
It is important to remember that labeling and MEPS programs aim to influence the selection of products by consumers at the poin ...
Interest in rating the real-life energy performance of buildings has increased in recent years, and the real life efficiency perfor ...
10 benefits of Solar Energy: No 1 Solar energy is renewable. We never have to worry about running out of sunlight or usi ...
A variety of information programs exist in the major automobile markets to assist potential purchasers of new cars in comparing fue ...
Geopolitical risk refers almost always to primary energy carriers (oil, gas, coal, uranium or renewable energy) since their location depends on the vagaries of geology and climate. Production and energy consumption are thus often physically far apart and take place in countries and regions with different histories, cultures and values. Apart from oil & gas exploration and production, all other steps of the energy chain such as refinement or enrichment, energy conversion and distribution can be moved physically closer to the final customer or are, like consumption, directly under the latter’s control. (more…)
Nuclear energy has some distinct advantages in strengthening the external dimension of energy supply security. These include: ...
The continuous availability and affordability of energy and, in particular, electricity supply is an indispensable condition fo ...
For years it was out of desperation that observers have advised and viewed of American energy policy and geopolitical risks regardi ...
The entire concept of energy independence revolves around using the resources within a country. Simply put, it's "Stay within ...
Following the recent completion of three nuclear power plants, there is now some 9.6 GW of nuclear capacity in the United Kingd ...
Based on estimates of the U.S. Department of Energy, the energy used in homes accounts for 20% of all the energy consumption in the United States. The ability to control the indoor temperature is one of the most important achievements of modern technology. (more…)
Want state of the art LED lighting for your home? If so then this article will help to teach you about the many benefits to be gain ...
Take a look at the following energy saving ideas and new green products and see how many you can use to save your hard earned c ...
These days we have two main concerns in the world of business and finance. First the greenhouse global warming and second the finan ...
Nowadays, a lot more people are increasingly aware of the amount of energy they consumed everyday and what effect it was having ...
It is a reasonable and sensible action to tighten our belts and cut spending as living cost are climbing nowadays. We have to m ...
Global warming, CO2 emissions, deforestation and loss of biodiversity on the planet are just side effects of our carbon footprint. Like hundreds of organizations to develop initiatives to reduce the effects of human energy consumption, others have simply chosen to ignore the movement. If you want to help Mother Earth, there are ten top list ways to waste of energy that you can avoid: (more…)
Heating and Cooling systems can be a major contributor to a homes energy costs and associated greenhouse gas emissions. For som ...
Spring is here, which means that the summer heat is already here in Arizona. We all know how essential having an effective air ...
Nowadays, a lot more people are increasingly aware of the amount of energy they consumed everyday and what effect it was having ...
Ceiling fans are a popular room addition; comfort can be easily obtained with a flip of a switch. An immediate cooling breeze is cr ...
Don't sweat it out when you don't have to. Got your A/C running and still feel warm? Here are some tips that will help keep you ...
Energy is consumed by various segments of the economy, including households, commercial establishments, manufacturing enterprises, and electric power generators. Only a portion of total energy demand is sensitive to temperature changes. (more…)
Here, the sensitivity of energy demand to climate is measured two ways. The first method uses elasticities that provide simple summ ...
To determine the effects of past climate trends on global energy consumption, the econometric equations providing the degree day el ...
Establishing the impact of climate change on energy demand requires a measure of heating and cooling requirements. In the United St ...
Although the focus of many policy studies of climate change is on establishing the causal links between anthropogenic systems, emis ...
Climatologists generally agree that there is accumulating evidence that a warming trend has been occurring since the mid-1960s. The ...