The long-term prospects for the U.K. economy are inevitably uncertain, and the most recent Department of Energy long-term projection puts forward three scenarios for the next 30 years with GDP growth rates of roughly 2.5, 1.5 and 0.5% p.a. The highest value corresponds to slightly less than the 1948 - 72 average, the central value is close to the long-run average over the last 80 years, and the lowest figure is similar to the performance during the current recession since 1973. (more…)
Following the recent completion of three nuclear power plants, there is now some 9.6 GW of nuclear capacity in the United Kingd ...
Global energy consumption in the last half century has increased very rapidly and is expected to continue to grow over the next ...
Most major oil and gas firms engage in both upstream (i.e., hydrocarbon exploration and production) and downstream (i.e., hydro ...
Energy is consumed by various segments of the economy, including households, commercial establishments, manufacturing enterpris ...
World energy use has increased steadily over the past several decades. Much of the growth in world energy consumption has been ...
Various provisions in the federal income tax treat energy producers more or less favorably than other businesses. By changing the after-tax rate of return on investments in the energy sector, the Tax Code may alter the long-run supply of specific types of energy.
In general, the income of all participants in the energy sector is subject to income tax of one form or another. Two notable exceptions arise in the generation and sale of electricity. Governmental agencies (such as the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Bonneville Power Administration, and municipally owned power companies) account for approximately 14 percent of the electricity sold in the United States. (more…)
Taxation of energy in the United States, the federal government does not impose an energy tax or a general sales tax that is br ...
A number of countries have vehicle tax incentives programs designed to reward purchasers and owners of alternative fuel-efficient v ...
The primary purpose of all forms of taxation, whether on energy or on non-energy items, is to raise money for the government to fin ...
Economists have overwhelmingly favored fuel taxes over fuel economy standards as a means to reduce fuel or gasoline consumption ...
Federal Excise Taxes placed on specific energy sources tend to reduce energy demand for these energy sources in both the short ...
Sir Arthur Eddington’s general address on subatomic energy at the 1930 World Power Conference in Berlin stirred the imagination of every scientist and engineer present. The challenge was clear: find a practical means of accessing, controlling, and using the enormous energy locked in the atom as predicted by Einstein’s remarkable mass–energy relation, E=mc2. On December 2, 1942, Enrico Fermi transformed Eddington’s visionary challenge into reality by producing the world’s first controlled, self-sustaining nuclear reactor, Chicago Pile 1. Six decades later, nuclear energy now produces 16% of the world’s electrical power. (more…)
Nuclear fission and fusion Research and Development continues to account for nearly half of the total spending by IEA countries, al ...
ITMA Foundation, a group of researchers formed by Javier Belzunce, José Manuel Artimez, Ana Moran and Ruben Coto, has developed the ...
Geographers researching the development of nuclear power have shifted emphasis from commercialization, cost, risk, public acceptanc ...
Because a nuclear explosion in a nuclear power plant is impossible due to the low fuel enrichment, the worst conceivable accident i ...
Nuclear power plants have many different designs and shapes. Early technology restrictions in nuclear power plants make huge ...
Geothermal drilling technology is adapted from the oil industry. Most of the geothermal wells are drilled with a rotary-type drilling rig. Because of the hard, abrasive, and high-temperature volcanic rocks of geothermal systems, the drilling bits require hard abrasive resistant teeth such as diamond or tungsten carbide. Hence, geothermal drilling is an expensive activity in geothermal development. Most geothermal wells are drilled 1 to 2 km deep to intersect faults and fractures so as to increase the success rate of production from permeable zones. (more…)
Geothermal wells need to undergo a test program before they are used. This is so that the baseline conditions of both the wells and ...
According to the German standard VDI 4640 geothermal energy is stored energy as heat beneath the Earth's solid surface, encompa ...
Geothermal energy is energy created by the heat of the Earth. Under the Earth’s crust lies a layer of thick, hot rock with occa ...
In most countries, geothermal resources are classified as natural resources belonging to the government. Since the 1980s, there has ...
The Geologists Association president advocates the use of geothermal energy by its high durability and low maintenance. Besides a r ...
In most countries, geothermal resources are classified as natural resources belonging to the government. Since the 1980s, there has been a worldwide trend to corporatize and/or privatize government commercial activities. Whereas the geothermal resources in the United States have been commercially developed by the private sector since the 1960s at The Geysers, other countries, notably The Philippines, Indonesia, and New Zealand, did not started private commercial geothermal projects until the 1980s. These private power developers are known as independent power producers (IPPs). There is a perception that the private sector is more efficient than the public sector. The efficiency arises from the increased flexibility of the private sector and its accessibility to commercial funding. (more…)
"Spain has great potential but lack geothermal legislation and investment." Besides being clean, renewable and friendly, easily man ...
The Geologists Association president advocates the use of geothermal energy by its high durability and low maintenance. Besides a r ...
Geothermal drilling technology is adapted from the oil industry. Most of the geothermal wells are drilled with a rotary-type drilli ...
The total installed geothermal power generating capacity in the world is approximately 9000 MWe from 21 countries, with the United ...
According to the German standard VDI 4640 geothermal energy is stored energy as heat beneath the Earth's solid surface, encompa ...
Tanker transportation and oil transport functions as an important link to facilitate the flow of oil and products from their limited sources of origin derived to its destination all over the world. This particular section of ocean shipping industry is the main component of the movement of seaborne cargo. Even though oil is transported through pipelines and tankers and tank wagons, these movements are relatively small and often restricted to national or in a few cases trough the intra-regional trades. The increment in oil demand came not only from the United States & Western Europe, however there is a rapid oil demand recovery in Japan, a country with no domestic oil reserves. (more…)
Oil tankers can be classified into two broad categories: crude oil tankers and product tankers. Crude oil tankers are typically ...
The operations on-board an oil tanker transportation are radically different from those on other types of ships, primarily due ...
Most major oil and gas firms engage in both upstream (i.e., hydrocarbon exploration and production) and downstream (i.e., hydro ...
Gasoline is used mainly by cars, motorcycles, and light trucks; diesel is used mainly by heavier trucks, buses, and trains. Togethe ...
For years it was out of desperation that observers have advised and viewed of American energy policy and geopolitical risks regardi ...
One study that does address the peak-oil scenario directly is a 2005 report conducted for the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) entitled “Peaking of World Oil Production: Impacts, Mitigation, and Risk Management” (Hirsch, et al., 2005). This study acknowledged the risk of the peaking of world oil production and investigated strategies to mitigate the impacts. Because NETL is the government’s primary fossil energy research lab, it is not surprising that the report concludes that the way to solve our looming liquid fossil fuel problem is . . . with more fossil fuels. (more…)
Nuclear fission and fusion Research and Development continues to account for nearly half of the total spending by IEA countries, al ...
Transportation is another sector that has increased its relative share of primary energy use. This sector has serious concerns ...
Options for dealing with the threats of climate change include both adaptation to inevitable changes and mitigation, or lessening, ...
ITMA Foundation, a group of researchers formed by Javier Belzunce, José Manuel Artimez, Ana Moran and Ruben Coto, has developed the ...
Do we have the resources? Rudolf Diesel developed the diesel engine which ran on biodiesel vegetable oil in the late 1800s. At the ...
The age of industrialization came into full force through the modern exploration and use of fossil fuels. As one of its most striking phenomena, the rapid expansion of cities throughout the late 19th and the 20th centuries was a direct outcome of the fossil fuel energy economy as well. (more…)
The aim is to work with cities in advancing renewable energy technologies and systems and to help promote the renewable energy indu ...
The Solar City approach originally emerged from a new generation of International Energy Agency (IEA) energy research and developme ...
In the absence of useful and established patterns of practice, a search is under way for new means of reconciling local government’ ...
As a reaction to these historical perspectives, the building industry has witnessed a certain rise in design responses to regio ...
Climate change caused by the enhanced greenhouse effect is one of the most significant global environmental issues. Increased emiss ...
Geopolitical risk refers almost always to primary energy carriers (oil, gas, coal, uranium or renewable energy) since their location depends on the vagaries of geology and climate. Production and energy consumption are thus often physically far apart and take place in countries and regions with different histories, cultures and values. Apart from oil & gas exploration and production, all other steps of the energy chain such as refinement or enrichment, energy conversion and distribution can be moved physically closer to the final customer or are, like consumption, directly under the latter’s control. (more…)
Nuclear energy has some distinct advantages in strengthening the external dimension of energy supply security. These include: ...
The continuous availability and affordability of energy and, in particular, electricity supply is an indispensable condition fo ...
For years it was out of desperation that observers have advised and viewed of American energy policy and geopolitical risks regardi ...
The entire concept of energy independence revolves around using the resources within a country. Simply put, it's "Stay within ...
Following the recent completion of three nuclear power plants, there is now some 9.6 GW of nuclear capacity in the United Kingd ...
Most major oil and gas firms engage in both upstream (i.e., hydrocarbon exploration and production) and downstream (i.e., hydrocarbon refining and marketing) businesses as well as related activities such as chemicals, and their R&D activities serve the needs of these businesses. During the past decade or so, the R&D spending of oil and gas firms has generally declined. According to a DOE survey, R&D spending by major energy producers within the United States declined from $3.05 billion in 1994 to $1.33 billion in 2000. Although not true of all producers internationally, the broad global trend over the past decade or so seems to be along similar lines. (more…)
Tanker transportation and oil transport functions as an important link to facilitate the flow of oil and products from their li ...
The focus of this section is on the quantitative assessment of the impact of oil price fluctuations on inflation. For that purp ...
Various provisions in the federal income tax treat energy producers more or less favorably than other businesses. By changing t ...
The evolution of oil prices is typically subject to a very high degree of uncertainty, given the extremely volatile nature of c ...
There are many possible reasons for suspecting market failure in a product like gasoline. Throughout the world, the exploration ...