Health Effects Of Exposure To Indoor Smoke

indoors smoke
Exposure to indoor air pollution from the combustion of solid fuels has been implicated, with varying degrees of evidence, as a causal agent of several diseases in developing countries. In a review of the epidemiological evidence for the health effects of indoor smoke from solid fuels, Bruce et al. concluded that, despite some methodological limitations, epidemiological studies provide compelling evidence of causality for acute respiratory infections (ARI) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This is reinforced by experimental data, studies of pathogenesis, and indirect evidence from environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and ambient air pollution studies. (more…)

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Health Benefits Of Household Energy Transitions

household energy consumption
Reducing exposure to indoor air pollution from household energy use can be achieved through interventions in of the following areas:

* Emissions source and energy technology (fuel– stove combination).
* Housing design and ventilation.
* Behavior and time–activity budget. (more…)

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Acidic Deposition Formation and Trends of Acid Rains

Acidic Deposition
The formation of acidic deposition is largely from the combustion of fossil fuels and the smelting of sulfide ores. Minor natural sources exist such as the formation of hydrochloric and sulfuric acid from gaseous volcanic eruptions.

There are well over 100 gaseous and aqueous phase reactions that can lead to acid formation and more than fifty oxidizing agents and catalysts may be involved. However, in the simplest terms sulfur in fuels is oxidized to SO2 , and SO2 in the atmosphere is further oxidized and hydrolyzed to sulfuric acid. Most nitric acid is formed by the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) to NOx (NO and NO2) during high temperature combustion emissions, followed by further oxidation and hydrolysis that produces nitric acid in the atmosphere. (more…)

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Coal Fly Ash and Coal Dust as Emissions from Coal Combustion

air pollution problems created by coal combustion. Meanwhile, coal-fired power plants and industrial boilers spewed out tons of gaseous and particulate pollutants into the atmo- sphere. During combustion, the small amounts of sulfur and nitrogen in coal combine with oxygen to form sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur trioxide (SO3), and the oxides of nitrogen (NOx). (more…)

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Solid Fuel Smoke And Indoor Air Pollution

Smoke from biomass and coal combustion contains a large number of pollutants with known health hazards, including particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur oxides (mainly from coal), formaldehyde, and polycyclic organic compounds (e.g., carcinogens such as benzo[a]pyrene). The concentrations of each of these pollutants vary among the different forms of solid fuels, with animal dung and crop residues having some of the highest level emissions to environment of particulate matter, one of the important indicator pollutants for health effects. (more…)

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Coal Use for Home Heating and Cooking

Coal is still used to a small extent for home heating and cooking. In the homes of more affluent nations, coal is used for recreational or nostalgic reasons, rather than for routine heating and cooking. Coal stoves designed for this purpose are aesthetically attractive and are engineered for efficient operation with near-zero indoor air pollution. In contrast, coal used for cooking and heating in developing countries is burned in crude stoves with inadequate ventilation. In more developed countries, it is common to see coal source of energy. (more…)

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Hydrogen Production Methods : Steam Reforming, Natural Gas, Electrolysis Water, Algae

hydrogen production methods Electrolysis Water
The hydrogen can come from various sources including fossil fuels, wind, solar, biomass, nuclear, solar thermo-chemical reactions, and solar photolysis. (more…)

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Social and Environmental Implications of the Direct Energy Use Patterns of Households

environmental implications energy households
Lack of access to cleaner energy and the negative outwardnesses associated with energy consumption tend to cycle of poverty for poor households in developing countries. Because the poor lack access to, and often can not to afford cleaner and higher quality fuels and electricity and are therefore dependent on poor and inefficient burning biofuels such as wood and dung. (more…)

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How Fossil Fuels Have Affected Our Environment and Lives

fossil fuels environment
In the beginning, human progress was limited by the amount of work in single day. This is only to feed themselves and their families. At that time, the economy was largely rural as a result. In the early of 19th century, more intelligent human began to looking for energy resources to support their lives. They began to develop coal, oil, and other stored energy to supplement their prime energy source: sunlight. Sunlight energy results in overgrown plant and animal growth over huge and dispersed areas and geologic time periods. There was, and will continue to be, abundant solar energy sources available to get more fossil fuel, to do research on how to exploit these resources more efficiently, and to use them in daily life and changing their cultures. (more…)

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