Hydraulic turbines have two main classifications: impulse and reaction. The impulse turbine generally uses the velocity of the water to move the runner and discharges to atmospheric pressure. The water stream hits each bucket on the runner. There is no suction on the down side of the turbine, and the water flows out the bottom of the turbine housing after hitting the runner. An impulse turbine is generally suitable for high-head, low-flow applications. (more…)
Up to around 1980, hydropower research and development (R&D) efforts focused mainly on improving turbine efficiency, reducing c ...
Wind energy alongside solar energy is one form of renewable energy and its supply is abundant in earth. Most people distinguish ...
Renewable energy generators are devices that convert energy from its original form in the renewable energy source into electric ...
The total installed geothermal power generating capacity in the world is approximately 9000 MWe from 21 countries, with the United ...
In today's day and age there are millions of people who generate their own green energy at home by learning how to build windmills ...
Several molecular systems have been constructed that mimic various aspects of photosynthesis. Two of these utilize molecular systems that are derived from natural photosynthesis but that incorporate chemically based modifications to produce artificial photosynthetic devices. These devices use artificial photosynthetic pigments to drive chemical reactions across lipid bilayers or use noble metal catalysts to change the function of the photosynthetic process to produce hydrogen and oxygen instead of sugars ethanol and oxygen. Neither of these systems are sufficiently robust to be operated for extended periods of time as energy unit conversion devices, but they have shown that it is possible to produce artificial photosynthetic assemblies that function well in a laboratory setting. (more…)
The basic processes that occur in such a system are well understood. The semiconductor electrode efficiently absorbs light, produci ...
Certain materials, generally metal oxides, can sustain the unassisted photo-electrolysis of water into H2 and O2. The energy co ...
A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that combines hydrogen with oxygen to generate electricity, heat and water to produce. ...
A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that directly converts a fuel to electricity by means of reactions on the surfaces of ...
The fuel cell can trace its roots back to the 1800s when a Welsh-born, Oxford-educated barrister, Sir William Robert Grove, realize ...
Biomass Storage
Biomass storage is required to ensure the continuous operation of the facility. To limit the space required for storage at the plant site, biomass must be stored in relatively high piles. Two main problems associated with fuel storage are decomposition and selfheating. Self-heating increases the rate of decomposition and fire risk, and it encourages the growth of thermophilic fungi whose spores can cause a respiratory condition in humans similar to farmers lung. Some small virgin biomass losses may occur at the storage stage, but they are likely to be negligible. For intermediary storage of the fuel between the pretreatment (e.g., drying and sizing) and gasification stage, storage silos may be used. (more…)
The moisture content of the feedstock affects the gas composition and the energy balance of the process since gasification is an en ...
Thermo chemical processing of biomass yields gaseous, liquid, and solid products and offers a means of producing useful gaseous ...
A combination of legislation and technology has helped clean up many of the world’s coal-burning plants. Both developed and develop ...
Gasification is a thermo chemical process that has been exploited for more than a century for converting solid feedstocks to ga ...
The product gas can be burned in boilers to generate heat and raise steam, in internal combustion engines to generate electricity a ...
Nuclear engineers work in conjunction with health physicists to assure that all activities involving radiation exposure to nuclear power plant workers or to the public are kept well below the U.S. requirements stated in Title 10, Part 20 of the Code of Federal Regulations (10 CFR 20). In fact, the current industry practice is to apply the ALARA (‘‘as low as reasonably achievable’’) principle to every exposure-related activity. To this end, nuclear engineers have been widely successful in designing nuclear plants that limit the dose to the public. (more…)
Electricity generation through nuclear power plant is an enormously complex technical feat. It takes the combined skills of geo ...
In the United States, Department of Energy has determined that nuclear power accounts for about 21% of the total electricity ge ...
Within the coming years, fossil fuel will be failed back its main role as the ultimate main energy sources. Fossil fuels has kn ...
Sir Arthur Eddington’s general address on subatomic energy at the 1930 World Power Conference in Berlin stirred the imagination of ...
Geographers researching the development of nuclear power have shifted emphasis from commercialization, cost, risk, public acceptanc ...
The energy efficiencies of various fuel production pathways from well to pump. The efficiencies shown are defined as the energy in a given fuel (available at pumps in vehicle refueling stations) divided by total energy inputs during all Well-to-Pump activities, including the energy content of the fuel. One way to interpret the Well-to-Pump efficiencies in the figure is as the difference between 100% and the energy efficiencies, which roughly represent energy losses during Well-to-Pump stages for making a given fuel available at the pump. As stated in Section 3, Well-to-Pump activities include biomass feedstock production; feedstock transportation and storage; fuel production; and fuel transportation, storage, and distribution. (more…)
The combination of well-to-pump results and the energy use and emissions associated with vehicle operation (also called the pum ...
It shows Well-to-Wheels Greenhouse Gas emissions of the 23 vehicle/fuel systems. For each system, the bottom bar represents CO2 ...
Because different studies have different system boundaries and parametric assumptions, the studies described in Section 7 resulted ...
There are different types of vehicle propulsion systems and the transportation fuels that have been studied for their potential ...
At present, in the United States and worldwide, motor vehicles are fueled almost exclusively by petroleum based gasoline (or re ...
At present, in the United States and worldwide, motor vehicles are fueled almost exclusively by petroleum based gasoline (or reformulated gasoline) and diesel fuels. Since the first oil price shock in 1973, efforts have been made to seek alternative fuels to displace gasoline and diesel fuels and achieve energy and environmental benefits. Some of the alternative fuels that have been researched and used are liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), methanol (MeOH), dimethyl ether (DME), Fischer– Tropsch diesel (FTD), hydrogen (H 2 ), ethanol (EtOH), biodiesel, and electricity. Production processes associated with gasoline, diesel, and each of these alternative fuels differ. (more…)
There are different types of vehicle propulsion systems and the transportation fuels that have been studied for their potential ...
Gasoline is used mainly by cars, motorcycles, and light trucks; diesel is used mainly by heavier trucks, buses, and trains. Togethe ...
The energy efficiencies of various fuel production pathways from well to pump. The efficiencies shown are defined as the energy ...
The United States depends heavily on imported oil to fuel its transportation infrastructure. The use of alternative fuel derive ...
Most alternative fuel vehicles on the road today were originally designed for gasoline, but converted for use with an alternative f ...
Designers in China have launched the first wind turbine levitating in the world of permanent magnetic levitation (Maglev) in the Wind Power Asia Exhibition 2006.
Considered a key step in the evolution of global wind power technology and a notable advance in independent intellectual property rights in China. The generator was jointly developed by the Institute of Energy Research of Guangzhou in the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangzhou Hengyuan Energy Science & Zhongke Technology Co., Ltd. (more…)
Renewable energy generators are devices that convert energy from its original form in the renewable energy source into electric ...
In 2001, there were 14,000 small wind turbines for home/domestic use in the United States. The market potential for national an ...
Wind is a natural and inexhaustible source of energy, wind does not have to be imported or mined from deep down the earth. Wind ...
The wind power potentially could produce 40 times more electricity than worldwide energy consumption annually, according to res ...
Germany is considered a world leader in wind energy deployment, with electricity production from wind having gone up more than eigh ...
Under both former President Bush and new President Obama, the U.S. government has vowed to reduce reliance on imported oil. The nation is encouraging development of a transportation fleet that uses biofuels, fuel cell vehicles and hybrid electric technologies.
Us Government Program To Reduce Reliance On Imported Oil
To that end, the federal government, in late 2008, put in place new incentives – and extended others – designed to create a strong up-tick in sales of unconventional vehicles. As a result, the U.S. Energy Information Administration anticipates that hybrid cars will grow from 2% of new light-duty vehicles sold in 2007 to 38% by 2030. (more…)
This latter form of new car taxes can actually serve as an impediment to higher fuel economy to the extent that increased energ ...
A number of countries have vehicle tax incentives programs designed to reward purchasers and owners of alternative fuel-efficient v ...
We know of no studies that have examined vehicle taxation incentives programs elsewhere in the world, but it seems likely that ...
Both state and federal funding is available for research and development of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEVs) and other alter ...
Economists have overwhelmingly favored fuel taxes over fuel economy standards as a means to reduce fuel or gasoline consumption ...
Frying oils and used vegetable oil are often thrown away by restaurants while they might serve as a true fuel for diesel engines, for example. Why not recycle? How to recycle frying oil?
The waste oil is bad for nature and especially for the aquatic environment. Sewage treatment plants are becoming more and more difficult to reprocess. (more…)
Biodiesel is diesel fuel made from renewable sources of carbon such as used vegetable oil or animal fats used in cooking. In di ...
Biodiesel is an ester that can be made from substances such as vegetable oils and animal fats. Biodiesel can either be used in ...
Biodiesel has many benefits. It is very easy to substitute for petrodiesel. Employees do not need special training to use it an ...
The United States depends heavily on imported oil to fuel its transportation infrastructure. The use of alternative fuel derive ...
Agricultural and forestry residues provide the largest proportion of biomass used for the production of biomas bioenergy. Some esti ...
The combination of well-to-pump results and the energy use and emissions associated with vehicle operation (also called the pump-to-wheels stage) results in full well-to-wheels energy and emission results for vehicle/fuel systems. The energy efficiencies of 19 fuel pathways were presented in the preceding section. The well-to-wheels energy use and emissions results for 23 representative vehicle fuel systems, combined with some of the vehicle technology options are now considered. (more…)
It shows Well-to-Wheels Greenhouse Gas emissions of the 23 vehicle/fuel systems. For each system, the bottom bar represents CO2 ...
The energy efficiencies of various fuel production pathways from well to pump. The efficiencies shown are defined as the energy ...
There are different types of vehicle propulsion systems and the transportation fuels that have been studied for their potential ...
Because different studies have different system boundaries and parametric assumptions, the studies described in Section 7 resulted ...
The spark-ignition and compression-ignition engine and internal combustion engines technologies that are currently employed in ...