Gasification is a thermo chemical process that has been exploited for more than a century for converting solid feedstocks to gaseous energy carriers. The first gasifier patent was issued in England at the end of the 18th century and producer gas from coal gasification was mainly used as lighting fuel throughout the 19th century. At the turn of the 20th century, the main use of producer gas, obtained essentially from coal, switched to electricity generation and automotive applications via internal combustion engines. The use of producer gas was gradually supplanted by the use of higher energy density liquid fuels and as a result confined to areas with expensive or unreliable supplies of petroleum fuels. (more…)
The product gas can be burned in boilers to generate heat and raise steam, in internal combustion engines to generate electricity a ...
Thermo chemical processing of biomass yields gaseous, liquid, and solid products and offers a means of producing useful gaseous ...
Biomass Storage Biomass storage is required to ensure the continuous operation of the facility. To limit the space required for ...
Estimation of the future technical potential of biomass as an energy source is dependent on assumptions with respect to land av ...
The moisture content of the feedstock affects the gas composition and the energy balance of the process since gasification is an en ...
The European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) has offered, and the European Commission (EC) has accepted, a voluntary commitment to reduce the CO2 emissions from new light-duty passenger vehicles, with firm fleetwide targets of 140 g CO2 /km (B41 mpg for gasoline) by 2008, measured under the new European test cycle (Directives 93/116/EC and 99/100/EC). This represents approximately a 25% reduction from the 1995 average of 187 g/km (B30 mpg) on this cycle. The European cycle is likely to produce lower fuel economy ratings than the U.S. combined urban/ highway cycle, so the ‘‘U.S. equivalent’’ miles per gallon ratings of the year 2008 European fleet will likely be higher than 41 mpg if the targets are met. (more…)
Although the automotive industry is a vigorous sponsor of research and development in vehicle efficiency technology—worldwide, ...
Addressing global warming, however, is a highly complex and daunting endeavor. Many climate experts have urged the world to stabili ...
We know of no studies that have examined vehicle taxation incentives programs elsewhere in the world, but it seems likely that ...
A variety of information programs exist in the major automobile markets to assist potential purchasers of new cars in comparing fue ...
There are various and somewhat complementary reasons to foster the growth of renewable energy sources in Europe. A major incent ...
The fuel cycle for a given transportation fuel includes the following processes: energy feedstock (or primary energy) production; biomass feedstock transportation and storage; fuel production; fuel transportation, storage, and distribution; and vehicle operations that involve fuel combustion air or other chemical energy conversions. The processes that precede vehicle operations are often referred to as the well-to-pump (WTP) stage, the vehicle operations are referred to as the pump-to-wheels (PTW) stage, and the entire fuel cycle is referred to as the well-to-wheels (WTW) cycle. Various models have been developed that allow researchers to conduct fuel cycle analyses of vehicle/fuel systems. The GREET (greenhouse gases, regulated emissions, and energy transportation) model, developed by Argonne National Laboratory, is in the public domain and, so far, more than 1000 users worldwide have used the model to predict the energy use and emissions associated with alternative fuels vehicles. The GREET model and its documents are posted on the Internet at http:// greet.anl.gov. (more…)
The spark-ignition and compression-ignition engine and internal combustion engines technologies that are currently employed in ...
Because different studies have different system boundaries and parametric assumptions, the studies described in Section 7 resulted ...
ISO document 14040 identifies four areas for using life cycle analysis (LCA) results: (1) identifying opportunities to improve ...
It shows Well-to-Wheels Greenhouse Gas emissions of the 23 vehicle/fuel systems. For each system, the bottom bar represents CO2 ...
The combination of well-to-pump results and the energy use and emissions associated with vehicle operation (also called the pum ...
One study that does address the peak-oil scenario directly is a 2005 report conducted for the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) entitled “Peaking of World Oil Production: Impacts, Mitigation, and Risk Management” (Hirsch, et al., 2005). This study acknowledged the risk of the peaking of world oil production and investigated strategies to mitigate the impacts. Because NETL is the government’s primary fossil energy research lab, it is not surprising that the report concludes that the way to solve our looming liquid fossil fuel problem is . . . with more fossil fuels. (more…)
Nuclear fission and fusion Research and Development continues to account for nearly half of the total spending by IEA countries, al ...
Transportation is another sector that has increased its relative share of primary energy use. This sector has serious concerns ...
Options for dealing with the threats of climate change include both adaptation to inevitable changes and mitigation, or lessening, ...
ITMA Foundation, a group of researchers formed by Javier Belzunce, José Manuel Artimez, Ana Moran and Ruben Coto, has developed the ...
Do we have the resources? Rudolf Diesel developed the diesel engine which ran on biodiesel vegetable oil in the late 1800s. At the ...
A number of countries have vehicle tax incentives programs designed to reward purchasers and owners of alternative fuel-efficient vehicles (or to penalize purchasers and owners of fuel in efficient vehicles) by tying vehicle purchase and/or ownership taxes either directly to fuel economy or to vehicle features associated with fuel economy (e.g., engine displacement). (more…)
We know of no studies that have examined vehicle taxation incentives programs elsewhere in the world, but it seems likely that ...
This latter form of new car taxes can actually serve as an impediment to higher fuel economy to the extent that increased energ ...
Economists have overwhelmingly favored fuel taxes over fuel economy standards as a means to reduce fuel or gasoline consumption ...
Whatever the actual motivation, American policymakers perceived a need after 1973 to restrict automobile and light truck cons ...
Under both former President Bush and new President Obama, the U.S. government has vowed to reduce reliance on imported oil. The ...
Under both former President Bush and new President Obama, the U.S. government has vowed to reduce reliance on imported oil. The nation is encouraging development of a transportation fleet that uses biofuels, fuel cell vehicles and hybrid electric technologies.
Us Government Program To Reduce Reliance On Imported Oil
To that end, the federal government, in late 2008, put in place new incentives – and extended others – designed to create a strong up-tick in sales of unconventional vehicles. As a result, the U.S. Energy Information Administration anticipates that hybrid cars will grow from 2% of new light-duty vehicles sold in 2007 to 38% by 2030. (more…)
This latter form of new car taxes can actually serve as an impediment to higher fuel economy to the extent that increased energ ...
A number of countries have vehicle tax incentives programs designed to reward purchasers and owners of alternative fuel-efficient v ...
We know of no studies that have examined vehicle taxation incentives programs elsewhere in the world, but it seems likely that ...
Both state and federal funding is available for research and development of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEVs) and other alter ...
Economists have overwhelmingly favored fuel taxes over fuel economy standards as a means to reduce fuel or gasoline consumption ...
The increase in the prices of major fuels, like gasoline and diesel fuel products is a major global problems recently. Those prices are increase associated with the global economic crisis. Now, it is the ideal time to move all the focus and effort to alternative fuels for vehicles. There are different types of alternative energy sources for fuel to choose from. But the hard fact is that the areas of alternative fuels have not passed many real qualitative and quantitative surveys and breakthrough research. (more…)
Gasoline is used mainly by cars, motorcycles, and light trucks; diesel is used mainly by heavier trucks, buses, and trains. Togethe ...
Because transportation is such a large contributor to global warming, both globally and in the United States, climate and energy ex ...
The demand for alternative fuels to substitute current fossil fuels is increasing more that ever. This is because the less avai ...
There are different types of vehicle propulsion systems and the transportation fuels that have been studied for their potential ...
Most alternative fuel vehicles on the road today were originally designed for gasoline, but converted for use with an alternative f ...
The tourism sector is taking an active role in environmental protection. They are becoming aware of the impact generated by the activity and recognizing that their actions affect the social, economic and environmental fate. Moreover, the culture of social responsibility, conducted increasingly by decision makers of different tourist areas, is becoming a new (more…)
As energy prices increase, industries are more and more aware that energy is an expensive commodity that has to be used effic ...
The pace of innovations in batteries has not matched the remarkably fast evolution in the development of portable electronic techno ...
Prior to the Clean Air Act of 1990, environmental issues regulations were aimed at reducing emissions as they left the exhaust ...
The convention aims not only at stabilizing CO2 emissions in developed countries but also at ultimately reducing man-made CO2 e ...
There are several options that, ultimately, must be integrated when attempting to realize a change in corporate culture: the legal ...
One of the main benefits from future use of biofuels would be the reduction of greenhouse gases compared to the use of fossil fuels. Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming, is released into the air from combustion. Twenty-four percent of worldwide energy-related carbon emissions in 1997 were from the United States. Carbon and due to rising energy consumption, are expected to increase 1.3 percent per year through 2015. (more…)
The future development of energy crops, to the level at which they would replace residues as the major bioenergy fuel source, will ...
In Bonn met world leaders at the UN Conference on Biodiversity. As we here at The Green Blog world's biodiversity is seriously ...
Advances in biomass feedstock production are extremely important. These advances have the potential for reducing the final cost ...
We had expressed our disagreement with Biofuels and tell them also that the European Union also wants to distance themselves from t ...
Estimation of the future technical potential of biomass as an energy source is dependent on assumptions with respect to land av ...
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A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that combines hydrogen with oxygen to generate electricity, heat and water to produce. ...
Mercedes-Benz presented at Geneva Style F800 Concept (the F stands for Mercedes: technology, design and art), a prototype that ...
The primary electric drivetrain components for fuel cell vehicles are the same as those for any electric vehicle: traction motors, ...
Transport applications tend to demand rapid start-up and instant dynamic response from fuel cell systems, so a high-temperature ...
Alkaline fuel cell, often known as the Bacon fuel cell following the British inventor’ name. It has become the most created fue ...