More than 48% of the raw material fiber used for paper production (chemical pulp or mechanical pulp) in the United States in 2002 was recovered or reclaimed, with recovered paper contributing 37.7% and wood residues 10.6%. The total has been more or less constant, with the percentage of recovered paper increasing and that of wood residues declining recently due to their increased use in oriented strand board and composite panels. Primary fibers are a renewable, domestic resource, much of which is currently supplied by tree plantations. Short-rotation forestry can be used to further increase the productivity of these plantations. (more…)
Most discussions of energy use in paper production and papermaking are confusing because of a failure to define exactly what is mea ...
Agricultural and forestry residues provide the largest proportion of biomass used for the production of biomas bioenergy. Some esti ...
The evidence on the environmental Kuznets curve indicates that national environmental policies differ between high-income and low-i ...
Another large source of renewable carbon supplies is waste biomass. It consists of a wide range of materials and includes munic ...
Another large source of renewable carbon supplies is waste biomass. It consists of a wide range of materials and includes munic ...
Gasification is a thermo chemical process that has been exploited for more than a century for converting solid feedstocks to gaseous energy carriers. The first gasifier patent was issued in England at the end of the 18th century and producer gas from coal gasification was mainly used as lighting fuel throughout the 19th century. At the turn of the 20th century, the main use of producer gas, obtained essentially from coal, switched to electricity generation and automotive applications via internal combustion engines. The use of producer gas was gradually supplanted by the use of higher energy density liquid fuels and as a result confined to areas with expensive or unreliable supplies of petroleum fuels. (more…)
The product gas can be burned in boilers to generate heat and raise steam, in internal combustion engines to generate electricity a ...
Thermo chemical processing of biomass yields gaseous, liquid, and solid products and offers a means of producing useful gaseous ...
Biomass Storage Biomass storage is required to ensure the continuous operation of the facility. To limit the space required for ...
Estimation of the future technical potential of biomass as an energy source is dependent on assumptions with respect to land av ...
The moisture content of the feedstock affects the gas composition and the energy balance of the process since gasification is an en ...
The spark-ignition and compression-ignition engine and internal combustion engines technologies that are currently employed in motor vehicles were developed more than 100 years ago. These conventional vehicle technologies are fueled by petroleum-derived gasoline and diesel fuels (the socalled conventional fuels). Over the past 100 years, the conventional technologies have been dramatically improved, reducing cost and increasing performance. (more…)
ISO document 14040 identifies four areas for using life cycle analysis (LCA) results: (1) identifying opportunities to improve ...
The fuel cycle for a given transportation fuel includes the following processes: energy feedstock (or primary energy) product ...
There are different types of vehicle propulsion systems and the transportation fuels that have been studied for their potential ...
Because different studies have different system boundaries and parametric assumptions, the studies described in Section 7 resulted ...
For processes that produce multiple products, energy and emission burdens have to be allocated to individual products. ISO 14040 ad ...
The fuel cycle for a given transportation fuel includes the following processes: energy feedstock (or primary energy) production; biomass feedstock transportation and storage; fuel production; fuel transportation, storage, and distribution; and vehicle operations that involve fuel combustion air or other chemical energy conversions. The processes that precede vehicle operations are often referred to as the well-to-pump (WTP) stage, the vehicle operations are referred to as the pump-to-wheels (PTW) stage, and the entire fuel cycle is referred to as the well-to-wheels (WTW) cycle. Various models have been developed that allow researchers to conduct fuel cycle analyses of vehicle/fuel systems. The GREET (greenhouse gases, regulated emissions, and energy transportation) model, developed by Argonne National Laboratory, is in the public domain and, so far, more than 1000 users worldwide have used the model to predict the energy use and emissions associated with alternative fuels vehicles. The GREET model and its documents are posted on the Internet at http:// greet.anl.gov. (more…)
The spark-ignition and compression-ignition engine and internal combustion engines technologies that are currently employed in ...
Because different studies have different system boundaries and parametric assumptions, the studies described in Section 7 resulted ...
ISO document 14040 identifies four areas for using life cycle analysis (LCA) results: (1) identifying opportunities to improve ...
It shows Well-to-Wheels Greenhouse Gas emissions of the 23 vehicle/fuel systems. For each system, the bottom bar represents CO2 ...
The combination of well-to-pump results and the energy use and emissions associated with vehicle operation (also called the pum ...
A variety of information programs exist in the major automobile markets to assist potential purchasers of new cars in comparing fuel economy characteristics (and other attributes) among competing vehicles. However, there is no evidence that the existence of such systems plays a significant role in consumer choice of vehicles. For example, in 1995, the light duty fleets in the two European countries with fuel economy labeling systems (Sweden and the United Kingdom) were the least efficient in Europe (according to International Energy Agency data). (more…)
A number of countries have vehicle tax incentives programs designed to reward purchasers and owners of alternative fuel-efficient v ...
Because different studies have different system boundaries and parametric assumptions, the studies described in Section 7 resulted ...
Throughout the British energy crisis there were some grounds evident that more drivers drove more slowly to conserve their vehi ...
We know of no studies that have examined vehicle taxation incentives programs elsewhere in the world, but it seems likely that ...
This latter form of new car taxes can actually serve as an impediment to higher fuel economy to the extent that increased energ ...
ISO document 14040 identifies four areas for using life cycle analysis (LCA) results:
(1) identifying opportunities to improve the environmental aspects of products,
(2) helping industry, governments, and nongovernmental organizations make sound environmental decisions,
(3) selecting relevant environmental indicators for measuring the environmental performance of products, and (more…)
For processes that produce multiple products, energy and emission burdens have to be allocated to individual products. ISO 14040 ad ...
The spark-ignition and compression-ignition engine and internal combustion engines technologies that are currently employed in ...
The Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) is the EU voluntary scheme for organizations willing to commit themselves to evaluate, i ...
The fuel cycle for a given transportation fuel includes the following processes: energy feedstock (or primary energy) product ...
The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) is a multi-stakeholder process and independent institution whose mission is to develop ...
The quantification of the actual reduction in green house gases sourcess emissions resulting from the substitution of fossil fuels with energy from waste biomass requires a complete lifecycle assessment (LCA). A systematic framework for estimating the net Green House Gases emissions from bioenergy systems and comparing them against the fossil fuel reference system that it would replace has been developed. The major considerations of the life cycle assessment approach to quantifying the greenhouse impacts of bioenergy are as follows: (more…)
Bioenergy produced from biomass is sometimes called a carbon-neutral energy source, because the same quantity of carbon released wh ...
Climate change caused by the enhanced greenhouse effect is one of the most significant global environmental issues. Increased emiss ...
To date, most discussion and research relating to the various of biomass role in mitigating CO2 emissions has been focused around i ...
Estimation of the future technical potential of biomass as an energy source is dependent on assumptions with respect to land av ...
The accumulation of carbon within a forest growth cycle can be considered in four stages. The initial establishment stage involves ...
It is of interest to examine potential sources of greenhouse gases sources or atmospheric CO2 by analysis of the global distribution of carbon in all its forms. Atmospheric carbon, which can be assumed to be essentially all in the form of CO2 (i.e., 700 Gt carbon equals 2570 Gt of CO2) comprises only about 1.6% of total global carbon, excluding lithospheric carbon. Obvious greenhouse gases sources of direct or indirect additions of CO2 to the atmosphere are therefore fossil fuel deposits, since portions of them are combusted each year as fuels, and terrestrial biomass. (more…)
Since preindustrial times, ambient concentrations of the greenhouse gases have exhibited substantial increases, inter alia CO2 ...
Climate change caused by the enhanced greenhouse effect is one of the most significant global environmental issues. Increased emiss ...
The flux of carbon among terrestrial, aquatic, and atmospheric pools is at least partially controlled by photosynthetic process ...
Addressing global warming, however, is a highly complex and daunting endeavor. Many climate experts have urged the world to stabili ...
Ten industry giants – with business operations spanning the utilities, manufacturing, chemicals and financial-services sector – joi ...
An important element for the entire infrastructure of hydrogen energy infrastructure is having hydrogen delivery system the safely and efficiently deliver hydrogen from productions sites to end stations. Hydrogen delivery methods are varying widely, most of them depend on the hydrogen production method and end use. Currently, hydrogen is transferred to a limited number of production plants by using pipeline or transported by road via cylinders, tube trailers. (more…)
The issues of hydrogen storage run through the hydrogen production, hydrogen transport, supply and demand for end use of hydrog ...
Hydrogen has many applications when it comes to fuel. It can be used both in internal combustion engines and hydrogen fuel cells. ...
With ethanol’s future uncertain, many commentators see the transportation debate evolving into a war between two other technologies ...
Scientists at the Carnegie Institution have found that using a high pressure can create a very unique material for storing hydr ...
All of today’s hydrogen conversion products, demonstration models, and prototypes possess some deficiencies; they cannot yet pr ...
One of the main benefits from future use of biofuels would be the reduction of greenhouse gases compared to the use of fossil fuels. Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming, is released into the air from combustion. Twenty-four percent of worldwide energy-related carbon emissions in 1997 were from the United States. Carbon and due to rising energy consumption, are expected to increase 1.3 percent per year through 2015. (more…)
The future development of energy crops, to the level at which they would replace residues as the major bioenergy fuel source, will ...
In Bonn met world leaders at the UN Conference on Biodiversity. As we here at The Green Blog world's biodiversity is seriously ...
Advances in biomass feedstock production are extremely important. These advances have the potential for reducing the final cost ...
We had expressed our disagreement with Biofuels and tell them also that the European Union also wants to distance themselves from t ...
Estimation of the future technical potential of biomass as an energy source is dependent on assumptions with respect to land av ...