In this new century, there is considerable pressure on the top six automakers to reduce their environmental and ecological footprint calculation. The automaker that wins the race to build and sell the superior car will shape consumer preferences, thereby boosting sales and profits. The winning firm will fashion a corporate strategy that drives automobile emissions to near zero while simultaneously providing high levels of performance, safety, and comfort. (more…)

In the pursuit of superior cars, electronic products, and computing, several leading multinational corporations began in the last quarter of the 20th century to tie Corporate Environmental Strategy to their product strategy. Leaders such as Toyota and Honda are classic examples in the automotive industry, as are Shell and BP in the petroleum sector.

Those firms that had successfully integrated Corporate Environmental Strategy into their normal business functions by the new century shared a common set of attributes. These attributes are described below as ‘‘generic’’ elements of allowing Corporate Environmental Strategy to be elevated within a corporate setting, as they often depend on organizational dynamics or a unique set of executive interests and needs. (more…)

Corporate environmental strategy (CES) involves the tools, management programs, processes, and product development choices that allow a firm to pursue competitive advantage through environmental management strategies.

Management scholars such as Deming and Juran spent several decades after World War II making sure that quantity and quality processes entered the plans of corporate strategy, along with the classical concerns of price, technical quality, and distribution matters. In a similar but often more diffuse manner, the proponents of corporate environmental strategy began, in the l970s through the l990s, to alter the standard decision models of corporate strategy to include externalities that challenged the future growth of corporations, such as new environmental regulations or irregularities in energy markets and pricing. (more…)

A combination of legislation and technology has helped clean up many of the world’s coal-burning plants. Both developed and developing countries have adopted increasingly stringent environmental regulations to govern emissions from coal-fired power plants. In the United States, all coal-fired power plants built after 1978 must be equipped with postcombustion cleanup devices to capture pollutants before they escape into the atmosphere. Cyclones, baghouses, and electrostatic precipitators filter out nearly 99% of the particulates. Flue gas scrubbers use a slurry of crushed limestone and water to absorb sulfur oxides from flue gas. The limestone reacts with the sulfur dioxide to form calcium sulfate, which may be used to produce wallboard. Staged combustion and low-NOx burners are used to burn coal to minimize NOx formation. Another strategy, selective catalytic reduction, reacts ammonia with NOx over a catalyst to produce nonpolluting nitrogen and water vapor.

Conventional coal-fired power plants capture pollutants from the flue gas after it leaves the boiler. Circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustors capture most of the pollutants before they leave the furnace. Crushed coal particles and limestone circulate inside the CFB combustor, suspended by an upward flow of hot air. Sulfur oxides released during combustion are absorbed by the limestone, forming calcium sulfate, which drops to the bottom of the boiler. The CFB combustor operates at a lower temperature (14001F) compared to pulverized coal (PC) boilers (27001F), which also helps reduce the formation of NO x .

Precombustion coal cleaning is another strategy to reduce sulfur emissions by cleaning the coal before it arrives at the power plant. Sulfur in coal is present as pyrite (FeS2 ), which is physically bound to the coal as tiny mineral inclusions, and as ‘‘organic sulfur,’’ which is chemically bound to the carbon and other atoms in coal. Pyrite is removed in a coal preparation plant, where coal is crushed into particles less than 2 inches in size and is washed in a variety of devices that perform gravity-based separations. Clean coal floats to the surface, whereas pyrite and other mineral impurities sink. Additional cleaning may be performed with flotation cells, which separate coal dust from its impurities based on differences in surface properties. Precombustion removal of organic sulfur can be accomplished only by chemical cleaning. So far, coal combustion emissions and chemical cleaning has proved to be too costly, thus flue gas scrubbers are often required to achieve near-complete removal of sulfur pollutants.

The tightening of environmental regulations is likely to continue throughout the world. In the United States, for example, by December 2008, it is anticipated that coal-fired power plants will have to comply with maximum emission levels for mercury. Emissions of mercury and other trace metals, such as selenium, are under increasing scrutiny of coal combustion emissions because of suspected adverse effects on public health.

Coal is sometimes combusted with waste material as a combined waste reduction/electricity production strategy. The disposal of waste from agriculture and forestry (biomass), municipalities, and hospitals becomes costly when landfill space is limited. Some wastes, particularly biomass feedstock, are combustible, but their low energy density (compared with coal) limits their use as an electricity production fuel. Blending coal with these fuels provides an economical method to produce electric power, reduce waste, and decrease coal plant emissions. Most wood wastes, compared to coal, contain less fuel nitrogen and burn at lower temperatures. These characteristics lead to lower NO x formation. In addition, wood contains minimal sulfur ( o 0.1% by weight) and thus reduces the load on scrubbers and decreases scrubber waste biomass.

Numerous electric utilities have demonstrated that 1–8% of woody drying biomass can be blended with coal with no operational problems. Higher blends may also be used, but require burner and feed intake modifications as well as a separate feed system for the waste fuel. Cofiring in fluidized bed boilers may avoid some of these drawbacks, but the economics of co-firing are not yet sufficiently attractive to make it a widespread practice.

Geopolitical risk refers almost always to primary energy carriers (oil, gas, coal, uranium or renewable energy) since their location depends on the vagaries of geology and climate. Production and energy consumption are thus often physically far apart and take place in countries and regions with different histories, cultures and values. Apart from oil & gas exploration and production, all other steps of the energy chain such as refinement or enrichment, energy conversion and distribution can be moved physically closer to the final customer or are, like consumption, directly under the latter’s control. (more…)

The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) is a multi-stakeholder process and independent institution whose mission is to develop and disseminate globally applicable Sustainability Reporting Guidelines. These Guidelines are for voluntary use by organizations for reporting on the economic, environmental, and social dimensions of their activities, products and services. (more…)