Federal Excise Taxes placed on specific energy sources tend to reduce energy demand for these energy sources in both the short and the long run. The federal government imposes excise taxes on almost all petroleum products (including petroleum additives) and coal (see Table 1). The federal government also imposes federal excise taxes on many transportation uses of methanol, ethanol, natural gas, and propane and imposes a fee on electricity produced from nuclear power plants and nuclear power electricity. (more…)
Economists have overwhelmingly favored fuel taxes over fuel economy standards as a means to reduce fuel or gasoline consumption ...
Taxation of energy in the United States, the federal government does not impose an energy tax or a general sales tax that is br ...
Analysis of future light-duty transportation energy use require estimates of the impact of fuel prices on travel and fleet fuel ...
Various provisions in the federal income tax treat energy producers more or less favorably than other businesses. By changing t ...
A number of countries have vehicle tax incentives programs designed to reward purchasers and owners of alternative fuel-efficient v ...
Historically, mining companies have extracted the earth’s resources wherever economics made it feasible, secure in their knowledge that their products were essential to society. Prior to the passage of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act in 1977, 1.1 million acres (445,000 ha) of coal-mined land in the United States was left un-reclaimed and over 10,500 miles (16,900 km) of streams and rivers were adversely affected in the Appalachian region alone. Coal mining operations today are designed to comply with environmental regulations and to minimize adverse environmental impacts; exceptions exist, however, and serve to inspire environmental activists and conservation groups to resist and reject mining wherever it is proposed. This societal tension serves as a backdrop to the dynamics of issuing or rejecting mining permit applications. (more…)
Although underground coal mines operations are not as visible as surface mining, their overall environmental impact can be greater ...
Currently, site reclamation is planned for during the permitting process and is incorporated into the mining operation. However, th ...
Before the passage of regulations dictating mined land reclamation and mine water discharge standards, streams and rivers down-grad ...
Anyone who wants to save money on gas should be interested in the process of underground coal gasification, or UCG. It is an al ...
Coal is an important energy source and energy consumption in United States as well as worldwide. It will remain so for many yea ...
Gasification is a thermo chemical process that has been exploited for more than a century for converting solid feedstocks to gaseous energy carriers. The first gasifier patent was issued in England at the end of the 18th century and producer gas from coal gasification was mainly used as lighting fuel throughout the 19th century. At the turn of the 20th century, the main use of producer gas, obtained essentially from coal, switched to electricity generation and automotive applications via internal combustion engines. The use of producer gas was gradually supplanted by the use of higher energy density liquid fuels and as a result confined to areas with expensive or unreliable supplies of petroleum fuels. (more…)
The product gas can be burned in boilers to generate heat and raise steam, in internal combustion engines to generate electricity a ...
Thermo chemical processing of biomass yields gaseous, liquid, and solid products and offers a means of producing useful gaseous ...
Biomass Storage Biomass storage is required to ensure the continuous operation of the facility. To limit the space required for ...
Estimation of the future technical potential of biomass as an energy source is dependent on assumptions with respect to land av ...
The moisture content of the feedstock affects the gas composition and the energy balance of the process since gasification is an en ...
Currently, site reclamation is planned for during the permitting process and is incorporated into the mining operation. However, this was not always the case. Many mine sites were legally abandoned in an un-reclaimed or poorly reclaimed condition because mining was completed before environmental regulations went into effect. These abandoned mines are scars on the landscape and cause most of the water pollution attributed to mining. These old mines are considered abandoned because, in most countries, no one is legally required to reclaim the land or to treat the water. A similar problem occurs at mine sites that are or were operated by companies that have gone bankrupt. (more…)
Although underground coal mines operations are not as visible as surface mining, their overall environmental impact can be greater ...
Before the passage of regulations dictating mined land reclamation and mine water discharge standards, streams and rivers down-grad ...
Historically, mining companies have extracted the earth’s resources wherever economics made it feasible, secure in their knowledge ...
Federal Excise Taxes placed on specific energy sources tend to reduce energy demand for these energy sources in both the short ...
Coal is an important energy source and energy consumption in United States as well as worldwide. It will remain so for many yea ...
We have seen that energy is basic for life and activities in nature and society. Energy is a measure of value in physical terms. However, the more complex a system or a process becomes, the less can be said by physics. Even the term ‘‘complexity’’ is problematic. There are several definitions of complexity as a quantitative concept in information theory. (more…)
Statistics on national production levels and indicators of environmental pressure have been collected during the past few decad ...
Cost–benefit analysis (CBA), also known as benefit–cost analysis, is rooted in applied welfare economics. It is a way of organizing ...
Although some scientists and critics still dispute that human caused greenhouse gases are causing climate change, the majority of s ...
Energy efficiency is defined here to mean energy services provided per unit of energy input (for example, gallons of water hea ...
The first step in categorizing potential benefits and costs is determining the relevant scope of the analysis. We have concluded th ...
The pilot plant for carbon dioxide capture and hydrogen production using combined cycle ELCOGAS Puertollano “will be the first in the world is put into operation next March.”
There is another similar initiative, CO2 capture in a power of the same technology, Buggenum (Netherlands), but construction is delayed by six months regarding the central of Puertollano, according to the company ELCOGAS in a press release. (more…)
Researchers at the Institute of Chemical Technology have developed a new catalyst that allows to obtain, from bioethanol, hydrogen ...
The quantification of the actual reduction in green house gases sourcess emissions resulting from the substitution of fossil fu ...
The hydrogen can come from various sources including fossil fuels, wind, solar, biomass, nuclear, solar thermo-chemical reactio ...
Coal is an important energy source and energy consumption in United States as well as worldwide. It will remain so for many yea ...
Natural gas and oil are common source energy used to give electricity. How efficient is coal if we compare to these other source of ...
During the twentieth century, energy has become much more easily available. Most energy comes from burning fossil fuels (oil, gas, and coal). These resources are only found in certain geologic formations. (more…)
Geothermal energy is energy created by the heat of the Earth. Under the Earth’s crust lies a layer of thick, hot rock with occa ...
Wind energy comes from the mismatched heating system of the planet that runs all day and night, heated and cooled by the sun. T ...
The wind power potentially could produce 40 times more electricity than worldwide energy consumption annually, according to res ...
Magnetic power generator acted as a generator of free power because it generate electricity to power your home at free of cost to b ...
In Europe, modern renewable energy sources technologies were explored thoroughly for the first time after the oil embargo/ price cr ...
The quantification of the actual reduction in green house gases sourcess emissions resulting from the substitution of fossil fuels with energy from waste biomass requires a complete lifecycle assessment (LCA). A systematic framework for estimating the net Green House Gases emissions from bioenergy systems and comparing them against the fossil fuel reference system that it would replace has been developed. The major considerations of the life cycle assessment approach to quantifying the greenhouse impacts of bioenergy are as follows: (more…)
Bioenergy produced from biomass is sometimes called a carbon-neutral energy source, because the same quantity of carbon released wh ...
Climate change caused by the enhanced greenhouse effect is one of the most significant global environmental issues. Increased emiss ...
To date, most discussion and research relating to the various of biomass role in mitigating CO2 emissions has been focused around i ...
Estimation of the future technical potential of biomass as an energy source is dependent on assumptions with respect to land av ...
The accumulation of carbon within a forest growth cycle can be considered in four stages. The initial establishment stage involves ...
The gradual change in the energy consumption pattern of the United States from 1860 to 1990. In the mid-1800s, biomass, principally woody biomass, supplied over 90% of U.S. energy and fuel needs, after which energy biomass consumption began to decrease as fossil fuels became the preferred energy resources. For many years, a safe illuminant had been sought as a less expensive substitute for whale oils. (more…)
The relationship of gross national product per capita to energy consumption per capita for most countries of the world correlat ...
The most widespread and practical process for capture solar radiation as organic fuels is the growth of virgin biomass. Extreme ...
The hydrogen can come from various sources including fossil fuels, wind, solar, biomass, nuclear, solar thermo-chemical reactio ...
Power consumption from electricity is an essential element of the U.S. economy since the beginning of the century. Coal power plant ...
Natural gas and oil are common source energy used to give electricity. How efficient is coal if we compare to these other source of ...
Fossil fuels, had a broader impact in current society, still oil is the one that have far reaching effect. Oil, in all its forms is the fuel that every modern means possible and draw goods and people moving around the world. After the crude oil refined products widespread use all over the world, United States, (more…)
Not surprisingly, most Energy Research and Development takes place in industrialized countries where both the public and private se ...
Government expenditures on energy R&D, energy conservation have risen steadily over the past decade, but only two countries, Japan ...
The global dependence on fossil fuels developed during the Industrial Revolution, two centuries of economic and social development ...
Anyone who wants to save money on gas should be interested in the process of underground coal gasification, or UCG. It is an al ...
Nuclear fission and fusion Research and Development continues to account for nearly half of the total spending by IEA countries, al ...