More than 48% of the raw material fiber used for paper production (chemical pulp or mechanical pulp) in the United States in 2002 was recovered or reclaimed, with recovered paper contributing 37.7% and wood residues 10.6%. The total has been more or less constant, with the percentage of recovered paper increasing and that of wood residues declining recently due to their increased use in oriented strand board and composite panels. Primary fibers are a renewable, domestic resource, much of which is currently supplied by tree plantations. Short-rotation forestry can be used to further increase the productivity of these plantations. (more…)
Most discussions of energy use in paper production and papermaking are confusing because of a failure to define exactly what is mea ...
Agricultural and forestry residues provide the largest proportion of biomass used for the production of biomas bioenergy. Some esti ...
The evidence on the environmental Kuznets curve indicates that national environmental policies differ between high-income and low-i ...
Another large source of renewable carbon supplies is waste biomass. It consists of a wide range of materials and includes munic ...
Another large source of renewable carbon supplies is waste biomass. It consists of a wide range of materials and includes munic ...
Biomass Storage
Biomass storage is required to ensure the continuous operation of the facility. To limit the space required for storage at the plant site, biomass must be stored in relatively high piles. Two main problems associated with fuel storage are decomposition and selfheating. Self-heating increases the rate of decomposition and fire risk, and it encourages the growth of thermophilic fungi whose spores can cause a respiratory condition in humans similar to farmers lung. Some small virgin biomass losses may occur at the storage stage, but they are likely to be negligible. For intermediary storage of the fuel between the pretreatment (e.g., drying and sizing) and gasification stage, storage silos may be used. (more…)
The moisture content of the feedstock affects the gas composition and the energy balance of the process since gasification is an en ...
Thermo chemical processing of biomass yields gaseous, liquid, and solid products and offers a means of producing useful gaseous ...
A combination of legislation and technology has helped clean up many of the world’s coal-burning plants. Both developed and develop ...
Gasification is a thermo chemical process that has been exploited for more than a century for converting solid feedstocks to ga ...
The product gas can be burned in boilers to generate heat and raise steam, in internal combustion engines to generate electricity a ...
The moisture content of the feedstock affects the gas composition and the energy balance of the process since gasification is an endothermic process. Water vapor, however, is an essential component of gasification reactions. Therefore, there is a trade-off between the extent of fuel drying and the quality of product gas. Drying of the feedstock to a moisture content of approximately 15% is commonly adopted. Fuel drying is likely to be the most energy intensive activity in the biomass gasification process. Important contributions can be made to the energy balance by using flue gases or steam to dry the biomass. The heat used for drying does not have to be high temperature, and a low temperature level is actually desired because it will prevent the evaporation of undesirable organic components. (more…)
Biomass Storage Biomass storage is required to ensure the continuous operation of the facility. To limit the space required for ...
Air-blown circulating fluidized bed gasifiers are of interest because they produce a good quality, low calorific value (LCV) gas (4 ...
Thermo chemical processing of biomass yields gaseous, liquid, and solid products and offers a means of producing useful gaseous ...
A combination of legislation and technology has helped clean up many of the world’s coal-burning plants. Both developed and develop ...
Drying is one of the most important post harvest steps. It enhances the storage life of the crop products, minimizes losses during ...
Agricultural and forestry residues provide the largest proportion of biomass used for the production of biomas bioenergy. Some estimates suggest that globally available biomass role in the form of recoverable residues represents about 40 Ejyr -1, enough to meet 10% of the total present energy use of 406 Ejyr -1 . However, realizing this potential is limited by factors such as ease and cost of recovery and environmental concerns relating to sustainable land use practices. (more…)
Estimation of the future technical potential of biomass as an energy source is dependent on assumptions with respect to land av ...
The quantification of the actual reduction in green house gases sourcess emissions resulting from the substitution of fossil fu ...
Bioenergy produced from biomass is sometimes called a carbon-neutral energy source, because the same quantity of carbon released wh ...
To date, most discussion and research relating to the various of biomass role in mitigating CO2 emissions has been focused around i ...
Another large source of renewable carbon supplies is waste biomass. It consists of a wide range of materials and includes munic ...
Biodegradable materials are considered those materials that can be destroyed by microorganisms. To prevent the accumulation of non-biodegradable compounds in nature, there are two solutions that are currently under investigation: use roots or microbial strains that can attack thought products were not degradable, biodegradable materials or develop common strains. (more…)
Would it not be great to be able to produce your own electricity supply at home? The idea of being independently powered up without ...
Biodiesel has many benefits. It is very easy to substitute for petrodiesel. Employees do not need special training to use it an ...
To date, most discussion and research relating to the various of biomass role in mitigating CO2 emissions has been focused around i ...
The ecological footprint definition is a measurement that compares rates of human resource consumption and waste generation wit ...
Silicon is the material of choice for most Micro Electro Mechanical Systems due to (1) the feature size often being in the rang ...