In terms of aggregate health effects, household solid fuel use is currently the most important source of indoor air pollution in developing countries. Although relatively equitable economic and rural development has contributed to reducing the use of solid fuels in some settings (e.g., in some newly industrialized Asian countries), indoor air pollution is likely to remain an important health risk in poorer developing countries in the absence of successful intervention programs. More broadly, indoor air quality issues in developing countries are dynamic phenomena that require dynamic research and policy responses. (more…)
Indoor air quality (IAQ) research deals with the presence, levels, health effects, and control of physical, chemical, and biologica ...
Important research over the past few decades has illustrated that indoor air pollution and indoor smoke from solid fuel poses i ...
Smoke from biomass and coal combustion contains a large number of pollutants with known health hazards, including particulate matte ...
Exposure to indoor air pollution from the combustion of solid fuels has been implicated, with varying degrees of evidence, as a ...
Lack of access to cleaner energy and the negative outwardnesses associated with energy consumption tend to cycle of poverty for ...
Exposure to indoor air pollution from the combustion of solid fuels has been implicated, with varying degrees of evidence, as a causal agent of several diseases in developing countries. In a review of the epidemiological evidence for the health effects of indoor smoke from solid fuels, Bruce et al. concluded that, despite some methodological limitations, epidemiological studies provide compelling evidence of causality for acute respiratory infections (ARI) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This is reinforced by experimental data, studies of pathogenesis, and indirect evidence from environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and ambient air pollution studies. (more…)
Important research over the past few decades has illustrated that indoor air pollution and indoor smoke from solid fuel poses i ...
Exposure to air pollutants and air pollution problem are very high in indoor environments in developing countries. Smith has es ...
Smoke from biomass and coal combustion contains a large number of pollutants with known health hazards, including particulate matte ...
Indoor air quality (IAQ) research deals with the presence, levels, health effects, and control of physical, chemical, and biologica ...
In terms of aggregate health effects, household solid fuel use is currently the most important source of indoor air pollution i ...
Important research over the past few decades has illustrated that indoor air pollution and indoor smoke from solid fuel poses important health risks in developing countries. Unfortunately, affordable and effective interventions for reducing these risks are limited. This may be because in designing new interventions, the complexities of household energy use and exposure have been often overlooked, and there is a lack of infrastructure to support technological innovations, marketing and dissemination, and maintenance. Even less is known about combinations of technologies that may be used in a household and the factors that motivate the households to adopt them. (more…)
Exposure to indoor air pollution from the combustion of solid fuels has been implicated, with varying degrees of evidence, as a ...
Exposure to air pollutants and air pollution problem are very high in indoor environments in developing countries. Smith has es ...
Reducing exposure to indoor air pollution from household energy use can be achieved through interventions in of the following a ...
Indoor air quality (IAQ) research deals with the presence, levels, health effects, and control of physical, chemical, and biologica ...
In terms of aggregate health effects, household solid fuel use is currently the most important source of indoor air pollution i ...
Reducing exposure to indoor air pollution from household energy use can be achieved through interventions in of the following areas:
* Emissions source and energy technology (fuel– stove combination).
* Housing design and ventilation.
* Behavior and time–activity budget. (more…)
Important research over the past few decades has illustrated that indoor air pollution and indoor smoke from solid fuel poses i ...
Indoor air quality (IAQ) research deals with the presence, levels, health effects, and control of physical, chemical, and biologica ...
Exposure to air pollutants and air pollution problem are very high in indoor environments in developing countries. Smith has es ...
Lack of access to cleaner energy and the negative outwardnesses associated with energy consumption tend to cycle of poverty for ...
Coal is still used to a small extent for home heating and cooking. In the homes of more affluent nations, coal is used for recreati ...
The basic processes that occur in such a system are well understood. The semiconductor electrode efficiently absorbs light, producing an excited electronic state. In this excited state, the electron and the electron vacancy (the ‘‘hole’’) are both more energetic than they were in their respective ground states. The photo-excited electrons and holes are generally not tightly bound to an individual atom or set of atoms in the solid. (more…)
Several molecular systems have been constructed that mimic various aspects of photosynthesis. Two of these utilize molecular system ...
Today, photovoltaic cells only contribute a small proportion (approximately 0.04 percent) of total electricity in the United St ...
Certain materials, generally metal oxides, can sustain the unassisted photo-electrolysis of water into H2 and O2. The energy co ...
The fuel cell can trace its roots back to the 1800s when a Welsh-born, Oxford-educated barrister, Sir William Robert Grove, realize ...
A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that combines hydrogen with oxygen to generate electricity, heat and water to produce. ...
Acid deposition and the associated particulate nitrates and sulfates are implicated in the deterioration of certain sensitive ecosystems, decreased visibility, negative human health effects, and increased degradation of certain stone building materials and cultural resources, especially those made of limestone and marble. Fine particulate nitrate and sulfate particles associated with acid deposition are implicated in aggravating cardiorespiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic bronchitis, especially in urban areas. In many cases estimating the impact of acid deposition on various ecosystems can be a difficult process because acid deposition is only one of many impacts that can effect a response. However, wet and dry acid deposition has been documented as a major factor in the following ecosystem responses. (more…)
The formation of acidic deposition is largely from the combustion of fossil fuels and the smelting of sulfide ores. Minor natur ...
The increased use of fossil energy since the industrial revolution, and especially since 1950, has been the major cause of incr ...
Although underground coal mines operations are not as visible as surface mining, their overall environmental impact can be greater ...
Historically, mining companies have extracted the earth’s resources wherever economics made it feasible, secure in their knowledge ...
The formation of acidic deposition is largely from the combustion of fossil fuels and the smelting of sulfide ores. Minor natural sources exist such as the formation of hydrochloric and sulfuric acid from gaseous volcanic eruptions.
There are well over 100 gaseous and aqueous phase reactions that can lead to acid formation and more than fifty oxidizing agents and catalysts may be involved. However, in the simplest terms sulfur in fuels is oxidized to SO2 , and SO2 in the atmosphere is further oxidized and hydrolyzed to sulfuric acid. Most nitric acid is formed by the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) to NOx (NO and NO2) during high temperature combustion emissions, followed by further oxidation and hydrolysis that produces nitric acid in the atmosphere. (more…)
Acid deposition and the associated particulate nitrates and sulfates are implicated in the deterioration of certain sensitive e ...
The increased use of fossil energy since the industrial revolution, and especially since 1950, has been the major cause of incr ...
Although underground coal mines operations are not as visible as surface mining, their overall environmental impact can be greater ...
Historically, mining companies have extracted the earth’s resources wherever economics made it feasible, secure in their knowledge ...
Power generation and distribution networks are built with spare capacity to meet peak periods of energy consumption is usually a time when demand for heating and / or cooling is particularly acute accommodate. Normally, peak electricity demand in some cases last just a few hours every year. And while the networks have always had to cope with peaks in recent years, the electricity consumption during peak hours has increased dramatically in the afternoon. (more…)
Here, the sensitivity of energy demand to climate is measured two ways. The first method uses elasticities that provide simple summ ...
HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning) systems vary depending on the complexity of room units size from single rooms ...
To determine the effects of past climate trends on global energy consumption, the econometric equations providing the degree day el ...
After lighting, personal computers (PC) and monitors have the highest energy use in office environments. Studies have shown tha ...
The office copy machines (photocopier) is everywhere. Seven millions unit are in used in the United States and more than 1.5 mi ...
Exposure to air pollutants and air pollution problem are very high in indoor environments in developing countries. Smith has estimated that at the aggregate level (i.e., without accounting for particle size, chemical composition, and source), approximately 80% of total global exposure to airborne particulate matter occurs indoors in developing nations. Details of exposure for various household members, and the roles of both pollution and behavior (e.g., location with respect to stove and activities), have been studied and evaluated using new tools and technology. (more…)
Important research over the past few decades has illustrated that indoor air pollution and indoor smoke from solid fuel poses i ...
Exposure to indoor air pollution from the combustion of solid fuels has been implicated, with varying degrees of evidence, as a ...
Smoke from biomass and coal combustion contains a large number of pollutants with known health hazards, including particulate matte ...
Indoor air quality (IAQ) research deals with the presence, levels, health effects, and control of physical, chemical, and biologica ...
Reducing exposure to indoor air pollution from household energy use can be achieved through interventions in of the following a ...
Most discussions of energy use in paper production and papermaking are confusing because of a failure to define exactly what is meant by energy. It is important to keep track of the form in which energy is used. The major inputs to a paper mill are wood, purchased energy in the form of electricity and fossil fuels, and water. Some components of the wood are used as a raw material and some as by-product fuel. What the industry generally reports is the process energy use at the mill, which is the sum of the purchased energy and the process by-product energy (part of the energy originally in the wood) that is used. (more…)
More than 48% of the raw material fiber used for paper production (chemical pulp or mechanical pulp) in the United States in 2002 w ...
Agricultural and forestry residues provide the largest proportion of biomass used for the production of biomas bioenergy. Some esti ...
To date, most discussion and research relating to the various of biomass role in mitigating CO2 emissions has been focused around i ...
Another large source of renewable carbon supplies is waste biomass. It consists of a wide range of materials and includes munic ...
In Europe, modern renewable energy sources technologies were explored thoroughly for the first time after the oil embargo/ price cr ...