Transportation is another sector that has increased its relative share of primary energy use. This sector has serious concerns as it is a significant source of CO2 emissions and other airborne pollutants, and it is almost totally based on oil as its energy source. An important aspect of future changes in transportation depends on what happens to the available oil resources, production and prices. At present, 95% of all energy for transportation comes from oil. (more…)
Under both former President Bush and new President Obama, the U.S. government has vowed to reduce reliance on imported oil. The ...
Global energy consumption in the last half century has increased very rapidly and is expected to continue to grow over the next ...
From prehistory until the Industrial Revolution, most energy sources used by humans were localized (i.e., available within 5–10 mil ...
Do we have the resources? Rudolf Diesel developed the diesel engine which ran on biodiesel vegetable oil in the late 1800s. At the ...
One study that does address the peak-oil scenario directly is a 2005 report conducted for the National Energy Technology Labora ...
One of the most important aerodynamic effects on energy consumption required to keep a body moving through a fluid is the aerodynamic drag force. The drag must be overcome by the thrust of a propulsion mechanism, which in turn is consuming energy. Everything else being equal, the higher the drag, the more energy is consumed. Therefore, for energy efficiency, bodies moving through a fluid should be low drag bodies. To understand how to obtain low drag, we have to first understand the nature of drag, and what really causes it. (more…)
The next time you hear an airplane flying overhead, look up, and pause for a moment. What you see is a machine that is heavier than ...
Plate tectonics is conceptually simple. It treats Earth’s outer shell as made up of approximately 15 rigid plates, about 100 km thi ...
The most fundamental process from an energy systems standpoint is heat transfer to (or from) a working fluid. This unit operation t ...
Mixing is a process where two or more liquids or gas phase components are brought together and combined to form a uniform compositi ...
Hydraulic turbines have two main classifications: impulse and reaction. The impulse turbine generally uses the velocity of the wate ...
Indoor air quality (IAQ) research deals with the presence, levels, health effects, and control of physical, chemical, and biological factors in indoor environments, including homes, workplaces, and vehicles. IAQ research in industrialized countries has examined hundreds of specific factors (e.g., temperature, various chemicals, and mold), sources of pollution environment (e.g., environmental tobacco smoke, occupational factors, consumer cleaning products, and moisture), and control technologies (e.g., ventilation). (more…)
Important research over the past few decades has illustrated that indoor air pollution and indoor smoke from solid fuel poses i ...
In terms of aggregate health effects, household solid fuel use is currently the most important source of indoor air pollution i ...
Exposure to air pollutants and air pollution problem are very high in indoor environments in developing countries. Smith has es ...
Reducing exposure to indoor air pollution from household energy use can be achieved through interventions in of the following a ...
Exposure to indoor air pollution from the combustion of solid fuels has been implicated, with varying degrees of evidence, as a ...
Fiber optic systems have many advantages on the basis of the communication systems technology compare to metallic media communication. These advantages include lower interference, small signal attenuation and bandwidth characteristics. In addition, relatively small cross-section of the fiber optic cable from a substantial growth in capacity in the existing lines is replaced. Properties of optical fibers can be classified as linear and nonlinear. Non-linear properties are influenced by parameters such as bit rate, channel spacing, and the level of performance. (more…)
There are literally thousands of uses for lasers. One of the largest applications is telecommunications—sending a signal throug ...
Several passive heating systems, if provided with proper ventilation, can ensure to provide cooling. Passive heating and cooling fo ...
Most discussions of energy use in paper production and papermaking are confusing because of a failure to define exactly what is mea ...
More than 48% of the raw material fiber used for paper production (chemical pulp or mechanical pulp) in the United States in 2002 w ...
Different lasers use different materials as the active medium. The medium can be either solid, liquid, or gas, and there are ad ...
The office copy machines (photocopier) is everywhere. Seven millions unit are in used in the United States and more than 1.5 million are sold each year. Anyone who has worked in an office has probably used at least once or perhaps spend hours making many copies. The copy machines are not cheap, not just the price. Office stencils related equipment is the fastest-growing use of electricity in commercial buildings in the U.S., according to the Department of Energy. The electricity consumed by office equipment companies will cost reaching two million dollar per year and copiers play an important role in this matter. (more…)
It is known that laser printers print faster, but swallow a large amount of energy, even if the printer is in the energy saving ...
After lighting, personal computers (PC) and monitors have the highest energy use in office environments. Studies have shown tha ...
Power generation and distribution networks are built with spare capacity to meet peak periods of energy consumption is usually ...
HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning) systems vary depending on the complexity of room units size from single rooms ...
If a space is occupied on a predictable schedule, you can use either timeclocks or setback thermostats to turn the conditioning ...
It is known that laser printers print faster, but swallow a large amount of energy, even if the printer is in the energy saving mode. Most inkjet printers work on the other side, with print speeds slower but consumes much less energy. Therefore, desktop laser printers have faster print speeds more than 40 ppm, published for the majority of energy used, while a multifunction inkjet printer print quickly you can pay a few pages the same period. So, how to measure the effectiveness of energy saving is measured printers? This can be determined on the basis of the energy consumption per printed page. (more…)
The office copy machines (photocopier) is everywhere. Seven millions unit are in used in the United States and more than 1.5 mi ...
Different lasers use different materials as the active medium. The medium can be either solid, liquid, or gas, and there are ad ...
After lighting, personal computers (PC) and monitors have the highest energy use in office environments. Studies have shown tha ...
The word “laser” is an acronym for “light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation.” Lasers of all kinds consist o ...
There are literally thousands of uses for lasers. One of the largest applications is telecommunications—sending a signal throug ...
Green computing has forced even the largest companies to rethink and refocus to use energy more efficiently. We have low-power processors, motherboards, memory modules, hard drives and technology energy efficiency even higher. But still, there are many devices that need to be look at if they are efficient enough. You still need to look at each individual product like LCD and CRD monitor displays to decide whether their effectiveness in reducing your monthly electricity bills.
Most of the nation’s approximately 61 million monitors are associated with desktop PCs and workstations, whereas some 13 million displays rely on video input (as seen in airports). (more…)
After lighting, personal computers (PC) and monitors have the highest energy use in office environments. Studies have shown tha ...
It is a reasonable and sensible action to tighten our belts and cut spending as living cost are climbing nowadays. We have to m ...
It is known that laser printers print faster, but swallow a large amount of energy, even if the printer is in the energy saving ...
Power generation and distribution networks are built with spare capacity to meet peak periods of energy consumption is usually ...
The office copy machines (photocopier) is everywhere. Seven millions unit are in used in the United States and more than 1.5 mi ...
After lighting, personal computers (PC) and monitors have the highest energy use in office environments. Studies have shown that the power management of computers and monitors can significantly reduce the energy consumption per capita, saving hundreds or thousands of dollars per year in electricity costs. The energy consumption of computers and monitors will be needed by the amount of energy to work and how they are used is determined.
The installed base of approximately 71 million personal computers and 2.5 million workstations in 2000 consumed 17.4 and 1.8 TWh, respectively. (more…)
Green computing has forced even the largest companies to rethink and refocus to use energy more efficiently. We have low-power ...
It is known that laser printers print faster, but swallow a large amount of energy, even if the printer is in the energy saving ...
Power generation and distribution networks are built with spare capacity to meet peak periods of energy consumption is usually ...
The office copy machines (photocopier) is everywhere. Seven millions unit are in used in the United States and more than 1.5 mi ...
The pace of innovations in batteries has not matched the remarkably fast evolution in the development of portable electronic techno ...
The evolution of oil prices is typically subject to a very high degree of uncertainty, given the extremely volatile nature of conditions that affect prices. Information on the future of oil prices is, however, extremely important for market operators as well as for central banks. Central banks, in particular, have a forward-looking perspective, attaching a very important role to inflation forecasts. This uncertainty tends to reinforce the importance of the relationship between oil prices and inflation, independently of estimates of the effects of a permanent change in oil prices on inflation and how to forecast oil prices. Two alternative technical assumptions on oil prices are worth mentioning: (more…)
The focus of this section is on the quantitative assessment of the impact of oil price fluctuations on inflation. For that purp ...
The volatility in oil prices since the early 1970s is a remarkable feature of energy economics. Annual fluctuations in the oil ...
In the post-World War II period, until the beginning of the 1970s, oil price fluctuations were very small. From 1949 to 1970, a ...
Most major oil and gas firms engage in both upstream (i.e., hydrocarbon exploration and production) and downstream (i.e., hydro ...
Energy is consumed by various segments of the economy, including households, commercial establishments, manufacturing enterpris ...
Taxation of energy in the United States, the federal government does not impose an energy tax or a general sales tax that is broadly applicable to energy. However, excise taxes are imposed on certain fuels, and there are a number of income tax provisions specific to the energy sector. There are three separate categories of taxes and fees that affect energy use: (1) excise taxes/fees that primarily affect energy demand; (2) income tax provisions that primarily affect energy supply by operating on the after-tax rate of return on investment; and (3) income tax provisions that primarily affect the demand for specific energy sources. (more…)
Various provisions in the federal income tax treat energy producers more or less favorably than other businesses. By changing t ...
The primary purpose of all forms of taxation, whether on energy or on non-energy items, is to raise money for the government to fin ...
Economists have overwhelmingly favored fuel taxes over fuel economy standards as a means to reduce fuel or gasoline consumption ...
Federal Excise Taxes placed on specific energy sources tend to reduce energy demand for these energy sources in both the short ...
A number of countries have vehicle tax incentives programs designed to reward purchasers and owners of alternative fuel-efficient v ...