Natural gas is found mainly in underground reservoirs and in coal beds. Natural gas is a fossil fuel that consist primarily of methane and some smaller amounts of hydrocarbons subtracts like ethane, propane and butane. There might be some inert gas like nitrogen, helium, and carbon dioxide involved and dissimilated into natural gas. The actual mixture composition is varies depending upon the region where that natural gas is found. (more…)

Brazil produced about 18.5 million metric tones (20.4 tons) of processed sugar in the 2001/2002 harvest, with approximately 9.45 million metric tones (10.4 tons) used domestically and the rest exported. Brazilian sugar is mostly derived from sugarcane, a drought-tolerant tropical and subtropical crop containing about 12 to 17% sugars (90% sucrose, 10% glucose) and 68 to 72% moisture. Brazil grew about 272 million metric tones (300 million tons) of sugarcane in the 2001/2002 season, making it second to India in world cane production that year. In 1975, Brazil adopted a Pro-Alcool Program to convert sugar to ethanol to reduce dependence on petroleum imports that were damaging the economy. (more…)

Statistics on national production levels and indicators of environmental pressure have been collected during the past few decades (and reconstructed for the more distant past) to document the link between world economic growth and the environment. The theory of world economic growth and economic theories of world natural resources provide explanations and interpretations of the trends as well as methods to assess future developments. The basic approach in most statistical and theoretical analyses is the decomposition of aggregate production function of a nation into, on the one hand, the current state of technology and, on the other hand, the inputs into the national production process. The main inputs are labor (hours worked), capital (produced means of production that can be used over a certain time period), and world natural resources. (more…)

In many existing buildings, the only economical way to improve the thermal resistance of the roof is by having insulation installation against the underside of the roof surface. This is a popular term by name of “under roof insulation”. This method has a number of major advantages, but one potentially disastrous disadvantage.

You can use various types of insulation underneath roof decks, including boards, batts, and spray-applied materials. Each type of material and each method of insulation installation involves its own set of details. These details are important. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions carefully. (more…)

If a space is occupied on a predictable schedule, you can use either timeclocks or setback thermostats to turn the conditioning units on and off. A setback thermostat is a heating thermostat/ cooling thermostat with an internal timeclock that changes the space temperature settings at different times.

A setback thermostat normally operates through the thermostat controller circuit of the conditioning heating units. (more…)